Theories of analogical reasoning have viewed relational structure as the dominant determinant of analogical mapping and inference, while assigning lesser importance to similarity between individual objects. An experiment is reported in which these two sources of constraints on analogy are placed in competition under conditions of high relational complexity. Results demonstrate equal importance for relational structure and object similarity, both in analogical mapping and in inference generation. The human data were successfully simulated using a computational analogy model (LISA) that treats (...) both relational correspondences and object similarity as soft constraints that operate within a limited-capacity working memory; but not with a model (SME) that treats relational structure as pre-eminent. (shrink)

We are big fans of propositions. But we are not big fans of the proposed by Mitchell et al. The authors ignore the critical role played by implicit, non-inferential processes in biological cognition, overestimate the work that propositions alone can do, and gloss over substantial differences in how different kinds of animals and different kinds of cognitive processes approximate propositional representations.

The focus of this study was to analyze the content, distribution, and comparative genome relationships of 996 chromosome bin-mapped expressed sequence tags accounting for 2266 restriction fragments on the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of hexaploid wheat. Of these loci, 634, 884, and 748 were mapped on chromosomes 3A, 3B, and 3D, respectively. The individual chromosome bin maps revealed bins with a high density of mapped ESTs in the distal region and bins of low density in the proximal region of the (...) chromosome arms, with the exception of 3DS and 3DL. These distributions were more localized on the higher-resolution group 3 consensus map with intermediate regions of high-mapped-EST density on both chromosome arms. Gene ontology classification of mapped ESTs was not significantly different for homoeologous group 3 chromosomes compared to the other groups. A combined analysis of the individual bin maps using 537 of the mapped ESTs revealed rearrangements between the group 3 chromosomes. Approximately 232 of the consensus mapped ESTs matched sequences on rice chromosome 1 and revealed large- and small-scale differences in gene order. Of the group 3 mapped EST unigenes ∼21 and 32% matched the Arabidopsis coding regions and proteins, respectively, but no chromosome-level gene order conservation was detected. (shrink)

The complex hexaploid wheat genome offers many challenges for genomics research. Expressed sequence tags facilitate the analysis of gene-coding regions and provide a rich source of molecular markers for mapping and comparison with model organisms. The objectives of this study were to construct a high-density EST chromosome bin map of wheat homoeologous group 2 chromosomes to determine the distribution of ESTs, construct a consensus map of group 2 ESTs, investigate synteny, examine patterns of duplication, and assess the colinearity with rice (...) of ESTs assigned to the group 2 consensus bin map. A total of 2600 loci generated from 1110 ESTs were mapped to group 2 chromosomes by Southern hybridization onto wheat aneuploid chromosome and deletion stocks. A consensus map was constructed of 552 ESTs mapping to more than one group 2 chromosome. Regions of high gene density in distal bins and low gene density in proximal bins were found. Two interstitial gene-rich islands flanked by relatively gene-poor regions on both the short and long arms and having good synteny with rice were discovered. The map locations of two ESTs indicated the possible presence of a small pericentric inversion on chromosome 2B. Wheat chromosome group 2 was shown to share syntenous blocks with rice chromosomes 4 and 7. (shrink)

This report describes the rationale, approaches, organization, and resource development leading to a large-scale deletion bin map of the hexaploid wheat genome. Accompanying reports in this issue detail results from chromosome bin-mapping of expressed sequence tags representing genes onto the seven homoeologous chromosome groups and a global analysis of the entire mapped wheat EST data set. Among the resources developed were the first extensive public wheat EST collection. Described are protocols for sequencing, sequence processing, EST nomenclature, and the assembly of (...) ESTs into contigs. These contigs plus singletons were used for selection of distinct sequence motif unigenes. Selected ESTs were rearrayed, validated by 5′ and 3′ sequencing, and amplified for probing a series of wheat aneuploid and deletion stocks. Images and data for all Southern hybridizations were deposited in databases and were used by the coordinators for each of the seven homoeologous chromosome groups to validate the mapping results. Results from this project have established the foundation for future developments in wheat genomics. (shrink)

The practical superiority of markets over governments has become readily apparent. Only the most dogmatic of state apologists continue to deny this obvious fact—at least with respect to the production of many goods and services. Free-market economists and libertarians go much further, of course. They affirm the market’s superiority in nearly all realms. Yet only a handful of anarchocapitalists, most notably Murray Rothbard, have dared claim that a free market could also do a better job of providing protection from foreign (...) states.1 National defense is generally considered the most essential of all government services. This widely conceded exception to the efficacy of markets seems to have irrefutable empirical confirmation. If private defense is better than government defense, why has government kept winning over the centuries? Indeed, the state’s military prowess has more than seemingly precluded the modern emergence of any anarchocapitalist society. At one time, as far as we know, all humankind lived in stateless bands of hunter-gatherers and had done so since the emergence of modern man some fifty thousand years ago. But beginning around 11,000 B.C., a gradual transition to.. (shrink)

Humanistic management emphasises the importance of respecting humanity in and through meaningful work within organisations. In this paper we introduce a Levinasian approach to organising. Levinas argues that the Other appeals to us and allows us to take responsibility towards the Other – i.c. an employee, a customer, a supplier, etcetera. In this article our focus is on employees. By taking the Other as a starting point of his reflections, Levinas helps to transform the organisation and management of work and (...) humans in business organisations. Based on the concept of alterity and becoming susceptible to the appeal that comes to us through what Levinas refers to as the ‘face of the Other’, we argue that the philosopher calls for ‘an agapeic turn’ to management and organisation. This turn means that the focus on the well-being of the employee – and the needs, interests, ideas, and expectations as perceived by him or her – should be at the core of organising. As a result, this paper calls for an increased focus on self-determination and self-organisation to allow the Other both voice and control over her or his behaviour, actions and contributions to the outputs and outcomes of one’s organisational unit. Through our focus on a Levinas approach, we concretize and deepen the traditional understanding of agape, making it more relevant to our functioning in a business setting. As a result, agape is introduced as an analytical concept that guides the structuring and the effectuation of human interaction in and through organisations. (shrink)

Die Zeitschrift Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete ist das älteste papyrologische Fachorgan der Welt. Sieunterscheidet sich von anderen papyrologischen Zeitschriften hauptsächlich durch ihre Referate (literarische Papyri, christliche Texte, Urkundenreferat, juristisches Referat, koptische Texte und Urkunden, Demotica Selecta sowie Darstellungen und Hilfsmittel). Die Beihefte zu der Zeitschrift vereinen sowohl Monographien als auch Sammelbände; im Zentrum stehen Neueditionen von Papyrustexten griechischer, lateinischer, koptischer, demotischer oder arabischer Sprache, die neue Erkenntnisse zu verschiedenen Bereichen des Altertums vermitteln: zu Philologie, Literatur, Philosophie, Religion, Politik (...) und Sozialgeschichte, zu Militär- und Rechtsgeschichte, zu Geographie und Landeskunde, zu Schul- und Gesundheitswesen und zum Alltagsleben; kurzum, zur antiken Kulturgeschichte überhaupt. (shrink)

Structuré en trois grandes parties, Vieillesses et vieillissements dresse un vaste panorama des recherches contemporaines francophones en la matière. L’ouvrage est constitué en trois parties : une première relative à la construction politique des problèmes de la vieillesse, une seconde attentive aux cadres sociaux de la vieillesse et une troisième centrée sur l’expérience du vieillissement. Les éditeurs ont fait le choix judicieux de faire dialoguer une trentaine d’auteurs, alternant articles..

Ramsey's Theorem states that if $P$ is a partition of $\lbrack\omega\rbrack^\kappa$ into finitely many partition classes, then there exists an infinite set of natural numbers which is homogeneous for $P$. We consider the degrees of unsolvability and arithmetical definability properties of infinite homogeneous sets for recursive partitions. We give Jockusch's proof of Seetapun's recent theorem that for all recursive partitions of $\lbrack\omega\rbrack^2$ into finitely many pieces, there exists an infinite homogeneous set $A$ such that $\emptyset' \nleq_T A$. Two technical extensions (...) of this result are given, establishing arithmetical bounds for such a set $A$. Applications to reverse mathematics and introreducible sets are discussed. (shrink)

In this article two important organizational concepts - lean production and sociotechnical systems design - are evaluated on their reflective capacity and their (moral) outcomes. At least in theory both concepts entail a promise of overcoming some of the irreflexive pitfalls of rational organization. As will be shown, both concepts do have short-comings too. It is argued that the meaning and value of the concepts is related to the context in which the systems are implemented.

Die vorliegende Studie empfiehlt, Leistungsansprüche für Personen mit interventionsfordernden Risiken anhand einer neuen Rechtskategorie, der ‚risikoadaptieren Prävention‘, abzubilden. Spätestens seit dem bioinformatischen Innovationsschub kann eine risikoadaptierte Anwendung von prophylaktischen Maßnahmen umfassend gewährleistet werden. Jedoch können die gegebenen Rechtskategorien das medizinische Anwendungsfeld nicht adäquat steuern. Die Autoren Friedhelm Meier, Anke Harney, Kerstin Rhiem, Anja Neumann, Silke Neusser, Matthias Braun, Jürgen Wasem, Rita Schmutzler, Stefan Huster und Peter Dabrock haben zusammen im BMBF geförderten Projekt SYSKON. Re-Konfiguration von Gesundheit und Krankheit. Ethische, (...) psychosoziale, rechtliche und gesundheitsökonomische Herausforderungen der Systemmedizin die vorliegende Governance Perspective erarbeitet. This book is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. (shrink)

Ramscar and colleagues (2010, this volume) describe the “feature-label-order” (FLO) effect on category learning and characterize it as a constraint on symbolic learning. I argue that FLO is neither a constraint on symbolic learning in the sense of “learning elements of a symbol system” (instead, it is an effect on nonsymbolic, association learning) nor is it, more than any other constraint on category learning, a constraint on symbolic learning in the sense of “solving the symbol grounding problem.”.

The first question raised in this article concerns the central points of Husserl's phenomenological psychology. They consist essentially of the following: a re-questioning of the types of objects encountered to their mode of being experienced, and an emphasis on the non-empirical character of this type of psychology. A criticism then follows that Husserl's analyses are too general; they are more ontologically than psychologically interesting. It is further criticized that Husserl's phenomenological psychology is primarily oriented toward the problems of gnosology and (...) not so much at the problems of the everyday behavior of man. Nevertheless, the critique of Husserl affirms that phenomenological psychology is important for theoretical psychology insofar as Husserl very clearly develops the principles of concept-formation of psychology as a science. If phenomenological psychology is to be concrete and applicable to psychology, one must ask which are the concrete types of objects from which one has to go back to consciousness. These types of objects have been identified as work-tasks. This conception of phenomenological psychology accords with its eidetical character since the individual mode of performance of a work-task is in general largely irrelevant. To prove this conception from another viewpoint, the analysis of some French phenomenologists were scrutinized. First of all, it was shown how Politzer, one of the first French phenomenolo. (shrink)

Making good decisions in extremely complex and difficult processes and situations has always been both a key task as well as a challenge in the clinic and has led to a large amount of clinical, legal and ethical routines, protocols and reflections in order to guarantee fair, participatory and up-to-date pathways for clinical decision-making. Nevertheless, the complexity of processes and physical phenomena, time as well as economic constraints and not least further endeavours as well as achievements in medicine and healthcare (...) continuously raise the need to evaluate and to improve clinical decision-making. This article scrutinises if and how clinical decision-making processes are challenged by the rise of so-called artificial intelligence-driven decision support systems (AI-DSS). In a first step, this article analyses how the rise of AI-DSS will affect and transform the modes of interaction between different agents in the clinic. In a second step, we point out how these changing modes of interaction also imply shifts in the conditions of trustworthiness, epistemic challenges regarding transparency, the underlying normative concepts of agency and its embedding into concrete contexts of deployment and, finally, the consequences for (possible) ascriptions of responsibility. Third, we draw first conclusions for further steps regarding a ‘meaningful human control’ of clinical AI-DSS. (shrink)

Trust is one of the big buzzwords in debates about the shaping of society, democracy, and emerging technologies. For example, one prominent idea put forward by the High‐Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence appointed by the European Commission is that artificial intelligence should be trustworthy. In this essay, we explore the notion of trust and argue that both proponents and critics of trustworthy AI have flawed pictures of the nature of trust. We develop an approach to understanding trust in AI (...) that does not conceive of trust merely as an accelerator for societal acceptance of AI technologies. Instead, we argue, trust is granted through leaps of faith. For this reason, trust remains precarious, fragile, and resistant to promotion through formulaic approaches. We also highlight the significance of distrust in societal deliberation, as it is relevant to trust in various and intricate ways. Among the fruitful aspects of distrust is that it enables individuals to forgo technology if desired, to constrain its power, and to exercise meaningful human control. (shrink)

The abstract structure of inquiry - the process of acquiring and changing beliefs about the world - is the focus of this book which takes the position that the "pragmatic" rather than the "linguistic" approach better solves the philosophical problems about the nature of mental representation, and better accounts for the phenomena of thought and speech. It discusses propositions and propositional attitudes (the cluster of activities that constitute inquiry) in general and takes up the way beliefs change in response to (...) potential new information, suggesting that conditional propositions should be understood as projections of epistemic policies onto the world.Robert C. Stalnaker is a professor in the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University. A Bradford Book. (shrink)

This paper argues that data-driven medicine gives rise to a particular normative challenge. Against the backdrop of a distinction between the good and the right, harnessing personal health data towards the development and refinement of data-driven medicine is to be welcomed from the perspective of the good. Enacting solidarity drives progress in research and clinical practice. At the same time, such acts of sharing could—especially considering current developments in big data and artificial intelligence—compromise the right by leading to injustices and (...) affecting concrete modes of individual self-determination. In order to address this potential tension, two key elements for ethical reflection on data-driven medicine are proposed: the controllability of information flows, including technical infrastructures that are conducive towards controllability, and a paradigm shift towards output-orientation in governance and policy. (shrink)

Die Qualität dieser Bonner katholisch-theologischen Dissertation des Jahres 2002, die für die Drucklegung noch erweitert und auf den neuesten Stand gebracht wurde, wird schon daraus ersichtlich, daß sie von Walter Brandmüller in die von ihm herausgegebene Konziliengeschichte aufgenommen wurde. Das Ziel der Studie ist ein primär theologisches, das den Horos des VII. Ökumenischen Konzils „als das zur Entscheidung in der Ikonenfrage vorgelegte amtliche Dokument … ernstnehmen“ will. „Dies bedeutet einerseits, den Horos in seiner Binnenstruktur zu erschließen und ihn andererseits auf (...) philologisch-hermeneutischem Weg im Licht gattungsverwandter Texte früherer Konzilien und der Akten des Zweiten Konzils von Nizäa als Ergebnis eines Meinungsbildungsprozesses zu interpretieren“ (S. XVIII). Leider schließt der Verf. bei seinem an erster Stelle genannten Anliegen alle politischen und kirchenpolitischen Aspekte, zum Beispiel die Zielstellungen der Kaiserin Eirene und die bedeutsame Rolle des Patriarchen Tarasios, um nur einiges zu nennen, bei der Interpretation aus und verschließt sich so notwendigen Ansätzen für ein tieferdringendes und umfassenderes Verständnis. Denn beider Bemühen um den Erhalt der Einheit der Kirche bestimmten Planung, Verlauf und Ergebnisse des Konzils in entscheidender Weise. Das kommt in dieser Studie nicht zum Ausdruck, worunter dann natürlich auch die Interpretation der einzelnen behandelten Texte leidet. Immer noch lesens- und bedenkenswert sind zu diesem Problemkreis die Ausführungen von P. Speck, Kaiser Konstantin VI., München 1978, 135–179. Es ist eben nicht mehr ausreichend, wenn der Verf. für diese Zusammenhänge auf die in dieser Hinsicht unzureichende Darstellung von G. Dumeige, Nizäa II, Mainz 1985, verweist (S. XIX Anm. 9), die ja aus heutiger Sicht auf fragwürdigem Textfundament errichtet ist. Das betrifft dann auch einen Teil des zweiten Anliegens des Verf., nämlich die Beurteilung der Überlieferung der Akten des VII.Ökumenischen Konzils. Paul Specks Frontalangriff auf die Zuverlässigkeit der Akten, der ja „in der Tat an die Grundlagen“ der Ausführungen von Uphus rührt, pariert dieser völlig unzureichend, wenn er ohne eine rechte Begründung nur von erheblichen Zweifeln an den Hypothesen Specks spricht (S. 38 Anm. 1, etwas ausführlicher S. 331f.). Noch gewichtiger ist die neuerdings von Erich Lamberz, der eine kritische Edition der Akten des Konzils vorbereitet, geäußerte Warnung: „Eine Darstellung des Konzils, die den überlieferten Text der Akten – und das gilt erst recht für den bei Mansi abgedruckten Text – als selbstverständliche Grundlage der Forschung nimmt, sollte in Zukunft wohl nicht mehr möglich sein.“ (E. Lamberz, Die Bischofslisten des VII. Ökumenischen Konzils [Nicaenum II], München 2004, 37). (shrink)